Kwalliya ɗaya ba ta da yawa a yanayi, kuma ko da lokacin da suka faru, yawanci suna da ƙanana sosai—yawanci akan sikelin milimita (mm)—kuma suna da wahalar samu. Lu'u-lu'u da aka ruwaito, emeralds, agates, da sauransu, gabaɗaya ba sa shiga cikin kasuwa, balle aikace-aikacen masana'antu; yawancin ana nuna su a gidajen tarihi don baje kolin kayan tarihi. Duk da haka, wasu lu'ulu'u ɗaya suna da ƙimar masana'antu mai mahimmanci, kamar silicon mai lu'ulu'u ɗaya a cikin masana'antar da'ira mai haɗawa, saffir da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ruwan tabarau na gani, da silicon carbide, wanda ke samun ci gaba a cikin semiconductors na ƙarni na uku. Ikon samar da waɗannan lu'ulu'u ɗaya a masana'antu ba wai kawai yana wakiltar ƙarfi a cikin fasahar masana'antu da kimiyya ba har ma alama ce ta wadata. Babban buƙatar samar da lu'ulu'u ɗaya a cikin masana'antar shine babban girma, saboda wannan shine mabuɗin rage farashi yadda ya kamata. Ga wasu lu'ulu'u ɗaya da aka saba gani a kasuwa:
1. Lu'ulu'u ɗaya mai launin shuɗi
Lu'ulu'u ɗaya na Sapphire yana nufin α-Al₂O₃, wanda ke da tsarin lu'ulu'u mai siffar hexagonal, taurin Mohs na 9, da kuma halayen sinadarai masu ƙarfi. Ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa mai lalata acidic ko alkaline, yana jure yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma yana nuna kyakkyawan watsa haske, watsa zafi, da kuma rufin lantarki.
Idan aka maye gurbin ions na Al a cikin lu'ulu'u da ions na Ti da Fe, lu'ulu'u yana bayyana shuɗi kuma ana kiransa da saffir. Idan aka maye gurbinsa da ions na Cr, yana bayyana ja kuma ana kiransa ruby. Duk da haka, saffir na masana'antu tsantsar α-Al₂O₃ ce, ba ta da launi kuma mai haske, ba ta da ƙazanta.
Sapphire na masana'antu yawanci yana ɗaukar siffar wafers, kauri 400–700 μm da diamita inci 4–8. Waɗannan ana kiransu wafers kuma an yanke su ne daga ingots na lu'ulu'u. An nuna a ƙasa akwai wani sabon ingot da aka ja daga tanderu ɗaya, wanda ba a goge shi ko yanke shi ba tukuna.
A shekarar 2018, Kamfanin Lantarki na Jinghui da ke Inner Mongolia ya yi nasarar haɓaka mafi girman lu'ulu'u mai girman kilogiram 450 a duniya. Babban lu'ulu'u mai girman kilogiram 350 da aka samar a Rasha shine lu'ulu'u mai girman kilogiram 350 da aka samar a Rasha. Kamar yadda aka gani a hoton, wannan lu'ulu'u yana da siffar da ta dace, yana da cikakken haske, ba shi da tsagewa da iyakokin hatsi, kuma yana da ƙananan kumfa.
2. Silikon Guda ɗaya
A halin yanzu, silicon mai lu'ulu'u ɗaya da ake amfani da shi don haɗa guntuwar da'ira yana da tsarkin kashi 99.9999999% zuwa kashi 99.999999999% (nines 9–11), kuma dole ne sinadarin silicon mai nauyin kilogiram 420 ya kasance mai cikakken tsari kamar lu'u-lu'u. A yanayi, har ma da lu'u-lu'u mai nauyin karat ɗaya (200 mg) ba kasafai ake samunsa ba.
Manyan kamfanoni biyar ne ke samar da ingots na silicon guda ɗaya a duniya: Shin-Etsu na Japan (28.0%), SUMCO na Japan (21.9%), GlobalWafers na Taiwan (15.1%), SK Siltron na Koriya ta Kudu (11.6%), da Siltronic na Jamus (11.3%). Ko da babban kamfanin kera wafer na semiconductor a babban yankin China, NSIG, yana da kusan kashi 2.3% na kasuwa. Duk da haka, a matsayinsa na sabon shiga, bai kamata a raina yuwuwarsa ba. A shekarar 2024, NSIG na shirin zuba jari a wani aiki na haɓaka samar da wafer na silicon 300 mm don da'irori masu haɗawa, tare da jimlar jarin da aka kiyasta ya kai ¥13.2 biliyan.
A matsayin kayan da ake amfani da su wajen yin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, ingots ɗin silicon mai tsarki ɗaya suna tasowa daga diamita na inci 6 zuwa inci 12. Manyan kamfanonin samar da guntu na duniya, kamar TSMC da GlobalFoundries, suna yin guntu daga wafers ɗin silicon mai inci 12 a kasuwa, yayin da wafers masu inci 8 ake rage su a hankali. Shugaban SMIC na cikin gida har yanzu yana amfani da wafers masu inci 6. A halin yanzu, SUMCO na Japan ne kawai zai iya samar da wafers masu inci 12 masu tsarki.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Wafers ɗin Gallium arsenide (GaAs) muhimmin abu ne na semiconductor, kuma girmansu muhimmin siga ne a tsarin shiri.
A halin yanzu, ana samar da wafers na GaAs a girman inci 2, inci 3, inci 4, inci 6, inci 8, da inci 12. Daga cikin waɗannan, wafers na inci 6 suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai da aka fi amfani da su.
Matsakaicin diamita na lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya da aka haɓaka ta hanyar hanyar Horizontal Bridgman (HB) gabaɗaya shine inci 3, yayin da hanyar Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) na iya samar da lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya har zuwa inci 12 a diamita. Duk da haka, haɓakar LEC tana buƙatar farashi mai yawa na kayan aiki kuma tana samar da lu'ulu'u marasa daidaituwa da yawan katsewa mai yawa. Hanyoyin Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) da Vertical Bridgman (VB) a halin yanzu suna iya samar da lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya har zuwa inci 8 a diamita, tare da tsari iri ɗaya da ƙarancin katsewa.
Kamfanoni uku ne suka ƙware wajen samar da fasahar samar da wafers masu inci 4 da inci 6 na GaAs masu inci 4 da inci 6: Sumitomo Electric Industries na Japan, Freiberger Compound Materials na Jamus, da kuma AXT na Amurka. Zuwa shekarar 2015, substrates masu inci 6 sun riga sun kai sama da kashi 90% na kasuwar.
A shekarar 2019, kasuwar GaAs ta duniya ta mamaye ta hannun Freiberger, Sumitomo, da Beijing Tongmei, inda hannun jarin kasuwa ya kai kashi 28%, 21%, da 13%, bi da bi. A cewar kiyasin da kamfanin tuntuba na Yole ya yi, tallace-tallacen GaAs na duniya (wanda aka canza zuwa daidai inci 2) ya kai kusan guda miliyan 20 a shekarar 2019 kuma ana hasashen zai wuce guda miliyan 35 nan da shekarar 2025. An kiyasta darajar kasuwar GaAs ta duniya a kusan dala miliyan 200 a shekarar 2019 kuma ana sa ran zai kai dala miliyan 348 nan da shekarar 2025, tare da karuwar ci gaban shekara-shekara (CAGR) na kashi 9.67% daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Single Crystal
A halin yanzu, kasuwa za ta iya tallafawa ci gaban lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya na silicon carbide (SiC) mai inci 2 da diamita 3. Kamfanoni da yawa sun ba da rahoton nasarar ci gaban lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya na SiC mai inci 4, wanda ke nuna nasarar da China ta samu a fannin fasahar ci gaban lu'ulu'u na SiC a duniya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban gibi kafin a fara kasuwanci.
Gabaɗaya, ƙwayoyin SiC da aka noma ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ruwa-mataki suna da ƙanana kaɗan, tare da kauri a matakin santimita. Wannan kuma shine dalilin tsadar wafers na SiC.
XKH ta ƙware a fannin bincike da kuma sarrafa kayan semiconductor na asali, waɗanda suka haɗa da sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon wafers, da yumbu, waɗanda ke rufe cikakken sarkar darajar daga girma zuwa daidaiton injina. Ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin masana'antu da aka haɗa, muna samar da wafers na sapphire masu inganci, substrates na silicon carbide, da wafers na silicon masu matuƙar tsarki, waɗanda aka tallafa musu ta hanyar mafita kamar yankewa na musamman, shafa saman, da ƙera siffofi masu rikitarwa don biyan buƙatun muhalli masu tsanani a tsarin laser, ƙera semiconductor, da aikace-aikacen makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Bisa ga ƙa'idodin inganci, samfuranmu suna da daidaiton matakin micron, kwanciyar hankali na zafi >1500°C, da juriya mai ƙarfi ta lalata, suna tabbatar da aminci a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na aiki. Bugu da ƙari, muna samar da substrates na quartz, kayan ƙarfe/marasa ƙarfe, da sauran abubuwan haɗin semiconductor, wanda ke ba da damar sauyawa daga samfura zuwa yawan samarwa ga abokan ciniki a duk faɗin masana'antu.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-29-2025