Lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya ba su da yawa a cikin yanayi, kuma ko da lokacin da suka faru, yawanci ƙanana ne - yawanci akan sikelin milimita (mm) - kuma yana da wahala a samu. Lu'u lu'u-lu'u da aka ruwaito, emeralds, agates, da dai sauransu, gabaɗaya ba sa shiga kasuwar kasuwa, balle aikace-aikacen masana'antu; yawancin ana nuna su a gidajen tarihi don baje kolin. Koyaya, wasu lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya suna riƙe mahimman ƙimar masana'antu, kamar silicon-crystal silicon a cikin haɗaɗɗun masana'antar kewayawa, sapphire da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ruwan tabarau na gani, da silicon carbide, wanda ke samun ƙarfi a cikin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto na ƙarni na uku. Ikon samar da waɗannan lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya a masana'antu ba kawai yana wakiltar ƙarfi a cikin fasahar masana'antu da kimiyya ba amma kuma alama ce ta dukiya. Babban abin da ake buƙata don samar da kristal guda ɗaya a cikin masana'antar shine babban girman, saboda wannan shine mabuɗin don rage farashi da inganci. A ƙasa akwai wasu lu'ulu'u ɗaya da aka saba ci karo da su a kasuwa:
1. Sapphire Single Crystal
Sapphire guda crystal yana nufin α-Al₂O₃, wanda ke da tsarin crystal hexagonal, taurin Mohs na 9, da kaddarorin sinadarai. Ba shi da narkewa a cikin ruwa mai lalata acidic ko alkaline, mai jurewa ga yanayin zafi mai zafi, kuma yana nuna ingantaccen watsa haske, daɗaɗɗen zafi, da rufin lantarki.
Idan Al ions a cikin crystal an maye gurbinsu da Ti da Fe ions, crystal ya bayyana blue kuma ana kiransa sapphire. Idan an maye gurbinsa da Cr ions, yana bayyana ja kuma ana kiransa ruby. Koyaya, sapphire masana'antu tsantsa ce α-Al₂O₃, mara launi da bayyananne, ba tare da datti ba.
Sapphire masana'antu yawanci yana ɗaukar nau'in wafers, kauri 400-700 μm da inci 4-8 a diamita. Wadannan ana kiran su wafers kuma an yanke su daga ingots crystal. Ana nunawa a ƙasa an ja daɗaɗɗen ingot daga tanderun crystal guda ɗaya, ba a goge ko yanke ba tukuna.
A cikin 2018, Kamfanin Lantarki na Jinghui a Mongolia na ciki ya sami nasarar haɓaka kristal mafi girman kilogiram 450 a duniya. Mafi girman lu'ulu'u na sapphire a baya a duniya shine kristal mai nauyin kilogiram 350 da aka samar a Rasha. Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin hoton, wannan lu'ulu'u yana da siffar yau da kullum, yana da cikakken haske, ba tare da fasa ba da iyakokin hatsi, kuma yana da 'yan kumfa.
2. Single-Crystal Silicon
A halin yanzu, silicon-crystal silicon da aka yi amfani da shi don haɗaɗɗen kwakwalwan kwamfuta yana da tsabtar 99.9999999% zuwa 99.999999999% (9-11 nines), kuma 420 kg ingot silicon ingot dole ne ya kiyaye ingantaccen tsari mai kama da lu'u-lu'u. A cikin yanayi, ko da karat ɗaya (200 MG) lu'u-lu'u yana da wuya.
Samar da samfuran silicon ingots guda ɗaya na duniya ya mamaye manyan kamfanoni biyar: Shin-Etsu na Japan (28.0%), SUMCO na Japan (21.9%), GlobalWafers na Taiwan (15.1%), SK Siltron na Koriya ta Kudu (11.6%), da Siltronic na Jamus (11.3%). Hatta mafi girman masana'antar wafer semiconductor a babban yankin China, NSIG, yana riƙe kusan kashi 2.3% na kason kasuwa. Duk da haka, a matsayinsa na sabon shiga, bai kamata a yi la'akari da damarsa ba. A cikin 2024, NSIG tana shirin saka hannun jari a cikin wani aiki don haɓaka samar da wafer silicon 300 mm don haɗaɗɗun da'irori, tare da kiyasin saka hannun jari na biliyan 13.2 biliyan.
A matsayin albarkatun ƙasa don kwakwalwan kwamfuta, ingots silicon-crystal mai tsabta mai tsabta yana tasowa daga diamita 6-inch zuwa 12-inch. Manyan masana'antun guntu na kasa da kasa, kamar TSMC da GlobalFoundries, suna yin kwakwalwan kwamfuta daga 12-inch silicon wafers a cikin kasuwar al'ada, yayin da 8-inch wafers a hankali ana cire su. Jagoran cikin gida SMIC har yanzu yana amfani da wafers mai inci 6. A halin yanzu, SUMCO na Japan ne kaɗai zai iya samar da madaidaitan wafer na inci 12 mai tsafta.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na semiconductor, kuma girman su shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin shiri.
A halin yanzu, ana samar da wafers na GaAs a cikin girman inci 2, inci 3, inci 4, inci 6, inci 8, da inci 12. Daga cikin waɗannan, wafers 6-inch ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙayyadaddun da aka fi amfani da su.
Matsakaicin diamita na lu'ulu'u ɗaya da aka girma ta hanyar Horizontal Bridgman (HB) gabaɗaya inci 3 ne, yayin da hanyar Czochralski ta Liquid-Encapsulated (LEC) zata iya samar da lu'ulu'u ɗaya har zuwa inci 12 a diamita. Koyaya, haɓakar LEC yana buƙatar tsadar kayan aiki mai girma kuma yana haifar da lu'ulu'u tare da rashin daidaituwa da girman rarrabuwa. Hanyoyin Daskare Tsaye (VGF) da Tsayayyar Bridgman (VB) na iya samar da lu'ulu'u ɗaya a halin yanzu har zuwa inci 8 a diamita, tare da tsari iri ɗaya da ƙananan ƙarancin tarwatsewa.
Fasahar samarwa don 4-inch da 6-inch Semi-insulating GaAs wafers ɗin da aka goge ana samun su da farko ta kamfanoni guda uku: Masana'antar Lantarki ta Sumitomo ta Japan, Kayayyakin Haɗin Freiberger na Jamus, da AXT na Amurka. By 2015, 6-inch substrates sun riga sun lissafta sama da kashi 90% na rabon kasuwa.
A cikin 2019, kasuwar GaAs ta duniya ta mamaye Freiberger, Sumitomo, da Beijing Tongmei, tare da hannun jarin kasuwa na 28%, 21%, da 13%, bi da bi. Dangane da kiyasin da kamfanin tuntuɓar Yole, tallace-tallacen duniya na GaAs substrates (wanda aka canza zuwa 2-inch daidai) ya kai kusan guda miliyan 20 a cikin 2019 kuma ana hasashen zai wuce guda miliyan 35 nan da 2025. An kimanta kasuwar gaAs na duniya a kusan dala miliyan 200 a cikin 2019 kuma ana sa ran za ta kai dala miliyan 25 a cikin CAGR na shekara-shekara. na kashi 9.67% daga 2019 zuwa 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Single Crystal
A halin yanzu, kasuwa na iya cikakken goyan bayan haɓakar lu'ulu'u ɗaya na 2-inch da diamita 3-inch silicon carbide (SiC). Kamfanoni da yawa sun ba da rahoton ci gaban ci gaban lu'ulu'u guda 4-inch mai nau'in 4H na SiC, wanda ke nuna nasarar da kasar Sin ta samu na matakin duniya a fasahar ci gaban kristal na SiC. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai gagarumin gibi kafin kasuwanci.
Gabaɗaya, SiC ingots da aka girma ta hanyoyin ruwa-lokaci suna da ƙanƙanta, tare da kauri a matakin santimita. Wannan kuma dalili ne na tsadar wafers na SiC.
XKH ya ƙware a cikin R&D da keɓantaccen sarrafa kayan masarufi, gami da sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC), wafer silicon, da tukwane, yana rufe cikakken sarkar darajar daga ci gaban kristal zuwa daidaiton machining. Yin amfani da damar haɗin gwiwar masana'antu, muna samar da sapphire wafers, siliki carbide substrates, da ultra-high-tsarki silicon wafers, da goyan bayan ingantattun mafita kamar yankan al'ada, rufin saman, da ƙirƙira ƙirƙira don saduwa da matsananciyar buƙatun muhalli a cikin tsarin laser, ƙirƙira semiconductor, da aikace-aikacen makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Mance da ingancin nagartacce, samfuranmu sun ƙunshi daidaitattun matakan micron,> 1500°C thermal kwanciyar hankali, da ingantaccen juriya na lalata, yana tabbatar da dogaro a cikin yanayin aiki mai tsauri. Bugu da ƙari, muna samar da ma'adini na ma'adini, ƙarfe / kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba, da sauran kayan aikin semiconductor, suna ba da damar canzawa maras kyau daga samfuri zuwa samar da taro ga abokan ciniki a fadin masana'antu.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-29-2025