Cikakken Bayani na Hanyoyin Ci gaban Silicon Monocrystalline

Cikakken Bayani na Hanyoyin Ci gaban Silicon Monocrystalline

1. Bayanan Ci gaban Silicon Monocrystalline

Ci gaban fasaha da karuwar buƙatun samfuran wayo masu inganci sun ƙara ƙarfafa ainihin matsayin masana'antar haɗakarwa (IC) a cikin ci gaban ƙasa. A matsayin ginshiƙin masana'antar IC, semiconductor monocrystalline silicon yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka sabbin fasahohi da haɓakar tattalin arziki.

Dangane da bayanai daga Associationungiyar Masana'antar Semiconductor ta Duniya, kasuwar wafer ta duniya ta kai adadin tallace-tallace na dala biliyan 12.6, tare da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa inci biliyan 14.2. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatar wafers na silicon yana ci gaba da tashi a hankali.

Koyaya, masana'antar wafer silicon ta duniya tana da matuƙar maida hankali sosai, tare da manyan masu samar da kayayyaki guda biyar suna mamaye sama da kashi 85% na kasuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan)

• SUMCO (Japan)

• Wafers na Duniya

• Siltronic (Jamus)

• SK Siltron (Koriya ta Kudu)

Wannan oligopoly yana haifar da dogaron da kasar Sin ta yi kan wafers na silicon monocrystalline da ake shigo da su daga waje, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke takaita ci gaban hadaddiyar masana'antar da'ira ta kasar.

Don shawo kan ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a yanzu a ɓangaren masana'antar silicon monocrystal na semiconductor, saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da haɓakawa da ƙarfafa ƙarfin samarwa a cikin gida zaɓi ne da babu makawa.

2. Bayyani na Monocrystalline Silicon Material

Silicon Monocrystalline shine ginshiƙin masana'antar da'ira mai haɗaka. Ya zuwa yau, sama da 90% na kwakwalwan kwamfuta na IC da na'urorin lantarki ana yin su ta amfani da silicon monocrystalline azaman kayan farko. Yaduwar bukatar silicon monocrystalline da aikace-aikacen masana'anta daban-daban ana iya danganta su zuwa dalilai da yawa:

1. Amintacciya da Abokan Muhalli: Silicon yana da yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, ba mai guba ba, kuma yana da alaƙa da muhalli.

2. Kayan Wutar Lantarki: Silicon a dabi'a yana nuna kaddarorin rufewar wutar lantarki, kuma akan maganin zafi, yana samar da siliki mai karewa, wanda ke hana asarar cajin lantarki yadda yakamata.

3. Fasahar Ci gaban Balagagge: Tsawon tarihin ci gaban fasaha a cikin hanyoyin haɓakar siliki ya sanya shi ya fi nagartaccen fiye da sauran kayan semiconductor.

Wadannan abubuwan tare suna kiyaye silicon monocrystalline a kan gaba na masana'antu, yana mai da shi ba zai iya maye gurbinsa da wasu kayan ba.

Dangane da tsarin lu'ulu'u, silicon monocrystalline abu ne da aka yi daga atom ɗin silicon da aka tsara a cikin latti na lokaci-lokaci, yana samar da tsari mai ci gaba. Shi ne tushen guntu masana'antu masana'antu.

Zane mai zuwa yana kwatanta cikakken tsari na shirye-shiryen silicon monocrystalline:

Bayanin Tsari:
Ana samun siliki na monocrystalline daga siliki ta ma'adinan ta hanyar matakan tacewa. Na farko, ana samun siliki na polycrystalline, wanda aka girma a cikin siliki monocrystalline ingot a cikin tanderun girma na crystal. Bayan haka, ana yanke shi, a goge shi, kuma a sarrafa shi cikin waɗanan siliki waɗanda suka dace da kera guntu.

Silicon wafers yawanci sun kasu kashi biyu:darajar photovoltaickumasemiconductor-sa. Wadannan nau'ikan guda biyu sun bambanta musamman a tsarin su, tsabta, da ingancin saman su.

• Semiconductor-grade waferssuna da babban tsafta na musamman har zuwa 99.999999999%, kuma ana buƙata sosai don zama monocrystalline.

• Wafers masu daraja na Photovoltaicba su da tsabta, tare da matakan tsabta masu kama daga 99.99% zuwa 99.9999%, kuma ba su da irin waɗannan buƙatun don ingancin crystal.

Bugu da kari, semiconductor-grade wafers suna buƙatar mafi girman santsi da tsabta fiye da wafers-grades. Maɗaukaki mafi girma don wafers na semiconductor suna haɓaka duka rikitattun shirye-shiryen su da ƙimar su ta gaba a aikace-aikace.

Jadawalin da ke gaba yana fayyace ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wafer semiconductor, waɗanda suka ƙaru daga farkon inch 4 (100mm) da 6-inch (150mm) wafers zuwa inch 8-inch (200mm) na yanzu da 12-inch (300mm).

A cikin ainihin shirye-shiryen silicon monocrystal, girman wafer ya bambanta dangane da nau'in aikace-aikacen da abubuwan farashi. Misali, kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yawanci suna amfani da wafer inch 12, yayin da na'urorin wuta sukan yi amfani da wafer 8-inch.

A taƙaice, haɓakar girman wafer shine sakamakon Dokokin Moore da abubuwan tattalin arziki. Girman wafer ya fi girma yana ba da damar haɓakar ƙarin yankin silicon mai amfani a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa iri ɗaya, yana rage farashin samarwa yayin da rage sharar gida daga gefuna wafer.

A matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin ci gaban fasaha na zamani, semiconductor silicon wafers, ta hanyar ingantattun matakai kamar photolithography da ion implantation, suna ba da damar samar da na'urorin lantarki daban-daban, gami da manyan masu gyara wuta, transistor, transistor junction bipolar, da na'urori masu sauyawa. Wadannan na'urori suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagage kamar su bayanan sirri, sadarwar 5G, na'urorin lantarki na motoci, Intanet na abubuwa, da sararin samaniya, wadanda suka zama ginshikin ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasa da sabbin fasahohi.

3. Monocrystalline Silicon Growth Technology

TheHanyar Czochralski (CZ).tsari ne mai inganci don cire kayan monocrystalline masu inganci daga narke. Jan Czochralski ya gabatar da shi a cikin 1917, wannan hanyar kuma ana kiranta daCrystal Jahanya.

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da hanyar CZ sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen kayan aikin semiconductor daban-daban. Dangane da kididdigar da ba ta cika ba, kusan kashi 98% na kayan lantarki an yi su ne daga silicon monocrystalline, tare da 85% na waɗannan abubuwan da aka samar ta hanyar hanyar CZ.

Hanyar CZ tana da fifiko saboda kyakkyawan ingancin kristal, girman sarrafawa, saurin girma, da ingantaccen samarwa. Waɗannan halayen sun sa CZ monocrystalline silicon ya zama abin da aka fi so don saduwa da babban inganci, babban buƙatu a cikin masana'antar lantarki.

Ka'idodin girma na CZ monocrystalline silicon shine kamar haka:

Tsarin CZ yana buƙatar yanayin zafi mai girma, vacuum, da rufaffiyar muhalli. Makullin kayan aiki don wannan tsari shinecrystal girma tanderu, wanda ke sauƙaƙe waɗannan sharuɗɗan.

Hoton da ke gaba yana kwatanta tsarin tanderun girma na crystal.

A cikin tsarin CZ, ana sanya siliki mai tsabta a cikin ƙugiya, narke, kuma an shigar da crystal iri a cikin narkakkar siliki. Ta hanyar sarrafa daidaitattun sigogi kamar zafin jiki, ƙimar cirewa, da saurin jujjuyawa, atoms ko kwayoyin halitta a mahaɗin kristal iri da narkakkar siliki suna ci gaba da sake tsarawa, ƙarfafa yayin da tsarin ke sanyi kuma a ƙarshe yana samar da kristal guda ɗaya.

Wannan fasaha na ci gaban kristal yana samar da ingantacciyar inganci, silikon monocrystalline mai girman diamita tare da takamaiman matakan kristal.

Tsarin haɓaka ya ƙunshi matakai masu mahimmanci da yawa, gami da:

1. Ragewa da Loading: Cire kristal da tsaftace tanda sosai da abubuwan da aka gyara daga gurɓataccen abu kamar ma'adini, graphite, ko wasu ƙazanta.

2. Vacuum da narkewa: Ana fitar da tsarin zuwa wani wuri, sannan kuma gabatar da iskar gas na argon da dumama cajin silicon.

3. Crystal Ja: An saukar da lu'ulu'u iri a cikin siliki da aka narkar da, kuma ana sarrafa zafin jiki a hankali don tabbatar da ingantaccen crystallization.

4. Hannun Hannu da Diamita: Yayin da crystal ke girma, ana kula da diamita a hankali kuma a daidaita shi don tabbatar da girma iri ɗaya.

5. Ƙarshen Girma da Rufe Tanderu: Da zarar an sami girman kristal da ake so, an rufe tanderun, kuma an cire crystal.

Cikakkun matakai a cikin wannan tsari suna tabbatar da ƙirƙirar ingantattun ingantattun abubuwa, masu ƙarancin lahani na monocrystal waɗanda suka dace da masana'antar semiconductor.

4. Kalubale a Samar da Silicon Monocrystalline

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen samar da manyan diamita na semiconductor monocrystals ya ta'allaka ne a shawo kan ƙulla-ƙulla ƙwaƙƙwaran fasaha yayin aiwatar da haɓaka, musamman a cikin tsinkaya da sarrafa lahani na crystal:

1. Ingancin Monocrystal mara daidaituwa da ƙarancin Haɓaka: Yayin da girman siliki monocrystals ya karu, rikitarwa na yanayin girma yana ƙaruwa, yana da wuya a sarrafa abubuwa kamar yanayin zafi, kwarara, da filayen maganadisu. Wannan yana rikitar da aikin samun daidaiton inganci da yawan amfanin ƙasa.

2. Tsarin Sarrafa mara ƙarfi: Tsarin ci gaba na semiconductor silicon monocrystals yana da matukar rikitarwa, tare da filayen jiki da yawa da ke hulɗa da juna, yin daidaitattun kulawa da rashin daidaituwa kuma yana haifar da ƙananan samfurori. Dabarun sarrafawa na yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali kan ma'auni na macroscopic na kristal, yayin da har yanzu ana daidaita inganci bisa ga gogewar hannu, yana sa ya zama da wahala a cika buƙatun ƙirƙira micro da nano a cikin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na IC.

Don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen, ana buƙatar haɓaka ainihin lokaci, saka idanu akan layi da hanyoyin tsinkaya don ingancin kristal da sauri, tare da haɓakawa a cikin tsarin sarrafawa don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali, ingantaccen samar da manyan monocrystals don amfani a cikin haɗaɗɗun da'irori.