Me yasa kwakwalwan zamani ke yin zafi sosai

Yayin da transistor nanoscale ke canzawa a ƙimar gigahertz, electrons suna gudu ta cikin da'irori kuma suna rasa kuzari kamar zafi - irin zafin da kuke ji lokacin da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ko waya ta yi zafi sosai. Haɗa ƙarin transistor a kan guntu yana barin ƙarancin sarari don cire wannan zafin. Maimakon yaɗuwa daidai ta hanyar silicon, zafi yana taruwa zuwa wurare masu zafi waɗanda zasu iya zama digiri goma fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. Don guje wa lalacewa da asarar aiki, tsarin yana rage CPUs da GPUs lokacin da yanayin zafi ya ƙaru.

Faɗin ƙalubalen zafi

Abin da ya fara a matsayin tseren rage girman wutar lantarki ya zama yaƙi da zafi a duk faɗin na'urorin lantarki. A fannin kwamfuta, aiki yana ci gaba da ƙara yawan wutar lantarki (sabobin mutum ɗaya na iya amfani da adadin kilowatts goma). A fannin sadarwa, da'irori na dijital da analog suna buƙatar ƙarfin transistor mafi girma don sigina masu ƙarfi da bayanai masu sauri. A fannin lantarki, ingantaccen aiki yana ƙara iyakancewa ta hanyar ƙuntatawar zafi.

Dabaru daban-daban: yada zafi a cikin guntu

Maimakon barin zafi ya ta'azzara, wata kyakkyawar shawara ita cenarkea cikin guntu ɗin kanta—kamar zuba kofi na ruwan zãfi a cikin wurin ninkaya. Idan aka yaɗa zafi a daidai inda aka samar da shi, na'urori mafi zafi suna zama masu sanyi kuma na'urorin sanyaya na gargajiya (mashin zafi, fanka, madaukai na ruwa) suna aiki yadda ya kamata. Wannan yana buƙatarbabban ƙarfin lantarki, kayan kariya daga wutar lantarkiAn haɗa nanometers kawai daga transistor masu aiki ba tare da ɓata halayensu masu laushi ba. Wani ɗan takara da ba a zata ba ya dace da wannan lissafin:lu'u-lu'u.

Me yasa lu'u-lu'u?

Lu'u-lu'u yana cikin mafi kyawun masu amfani da zafi da aka sani—wanda ya fi jan ƙarfe sau da yawa—yayin da kuma kasancewa mai hana iskar lantarki. Abin da ke kamawa shine haɗin kai: hanyoyin girma na gargajiya suna buƙatar yanayin zafi kusa da 900–1000 °C ko sama da haka, wanda zai lalata circuit mai ci gaba. Sabbin ci gaba sun nuna cewa siriri ne.lu'u-lu'u mai siffar polycrystallineza a iya shuka fina-finai (kauri kaɗan daga cikin micrometers) ayanayin zafi ƙasa sosaiya dace da na'urorin da aka gama.

Masu sanyaya na yau da iyakokinsu

Babban sanyaya jiki yana mai da hankali kan ingantattun na'urorin dumama zafi, fanka, da kayan haɗin gwiwa. Masu bincike kuma suna bincika sanyaya ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa, kayan canza yanayi, har ma da nutsar da sabar a cikin ruwa mai hana zafi, mai hana wutar lantarki. Waɗannan matakai ne masu mahimmanci, amma suna iya zama masu girma, tsada, ko kuma ba su dace da abubuwan da ke tasowa ba.An yi shi da 3DTsarin gine-ginen guntu, inda yadudduka da yawa na silicon suke aiki kamar "sararin samaniya." A cikin irin waɗannan tarin, kowane layi dole ne ya zubar da zafi; in ba haka ba wuraren zafi suna makale a ciki.

Yadda ake noma lu'u-lu'u masu dacewa da na'urori

Lu'u-lu'u mai siffar lu'u-lu'u ɗaya yana da ƙarfin jurewa na zafi mai ban mamaki (≈2200–2400 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, kusan sau shida na jan ƙarfe). Fina-finan polycrystalline masu sauƙin yin za su iya kusantar waɗannan ƙimar lokacin da suka yi kauri sosai - kuma har yanzu sun fi jan ƙarfe ko da sun fi siriri. Tarin tururin sinadarai na gargajiya yana mayar da martani ga methane da hydrogen a zafin jiki mai yawa, yana samar da kwalaye nanocolumn nano nano na lu'u-lu'u a tsaye waɗanda daga baya suka haɗu suka zama fim; a lokacin, layin ya yi kauri, ya yi tsauri, kuma yana da saurin fashewa.
Girman ƙananan zafin jiki yana buƙatar wani tsari daban. Kawai rage zafin yana haifar da toka mai haifar da iska maimakon lu'u-lu'u mai rufewa.iskar oxygenyana ci gaba da cire carbon mara lu'u-lu'u, yana ba da damarlu'u-lu'u mai girma-hatsi polycrystalline a ~400 °C, yanayin zafi mai dacewa da cibiyoyi masu haɗaɗɗen ci gaba. Kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, tsarin zai iya shafa ba kawai saman kwance ba har ma dabangon gefe, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga na'urorin 3D na asali.

Juriyar Iyaka ta thermal (TBR): kwalbar phonon

Zafi a cikin daskararru yana ɗaukar taphonons(girgizar lattice mai ƙididdigewa). A cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na kayan aiki, phonons na iya yin tunani da tarawa, suna ƙirƙirarJuriyar Iyakar Zafi (TBR)wanda ke hana kwararar zafi. Injiniyan haɗin gwiwa yana neman rage TBR, amma zaɓuɓɓukan suna iyakance ta hanyar dacewa da semiconductor. A wasu hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, haɗakarwa na iya samar da sirarasilicon carbide (SiC)Layer ɗin da ya fi dacewa da phonon spectra a ɓangarorin biyu, yana aiki a matsayin "gada" kuma yana rage TBR - don haka yana inganta canja wurin zafi daga na'urori zuwa lu'u-lu'u.

Gadar gwaji: GaN HEMTs (transistors na mitar rediyo)

Transistors masu motsi na lantarki masu yawa (HEMTs) waɗanda aka gina bisa gallium nitride control current a cikin iskar lantarki ta 2D kuma ana daraja su don aiki mai yawan mita da ƙarfi (gami da X-band ≈8–12 GHz da W-band ≈75–110 GHz). Saboda zafi yana fitowa kusa da saman, suna da kyakkyawan bincike na kowane Layer mai yaɗuwar zafi a ciki. Lokacin da siraran lu'u-lu'u suka lulluɓe na'urar—gami da bangon gefe—an lura da cewa yanayin zafi na tashar ya ragu da sauri.~70°C, tare da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin ɗakin thermal a babban ƙarfin lantarki.

Lu'u-lu'u a cikin CMOS da tari na 3D

A cikin ci gaban kwamfuta,Tarin 3Dyana ƙara yawan haɗin kai da aiki amma yana haifar da matsaloli na zafi na ciki inda na gargajiya, na waje, masu sanyaya ba su da tasiri sosai. Haɗa lu'u-lu'u da silicon na iya sake haifar da amfani mai amfani.SiC interlayer, yana samar da ingantaccen haɗin zafi.
Ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen da aka gabatar shinema'aunin zafi: zanen lu'u-lu'u mai siririn nanometer da aka saka a saman transistor a cikin dielectric, wanda aka haɗa tahanyoyin zafi na tsaye ("ginshiƙan zafi")an yi shi da tagulla ko ƙarin lu'u-lu'u. Waɗannan ginshiƙai suna watsa zafi daga layi zuwa layi har sai ya kai ga sanyaya ta waje. Kwaikwayo tare da ayyuka na gaske suna nuna cewa irin waɗannan gine-gine na iya rage yanayin zafi mafi girma ta hanyarhar zuwa tsari mai girmaa cikin tarin hujjojin ra'ayi.

Abin da ya rage wahala

Manyan ƙalubalen sun haɗa da yin saman saman lu'u-lu'ulebur ta atomatikdon haɗakarwa mara matsala tare da haɗin gwiwa da dielectrics masu yawa, da kuma hanyoyin tsaftacewa don haka siririn fina-finai suna kiyaye kyakkyawan yanayin zafi ba tare da damuwa da kewayen da ke ƙasa ba.

Hasashen Yanayi

Idan waɗannan hanyoyin suka ci gaba da girma,Yaɗa zafin lu'u-lu'u a cikin guntuzai iya sassauta iyakokin zafi a cikin CMOS, RF, da na'urorin lantarki masu ƙarfi sosai - yana ba da damar yin aiki mafi girma, aminci mafi girma, da haɗakar 3D mai yawa ba tare da hukunce-hukuncen zafi na yau da kullun ba.