Cikakken Bayani Kan Hanyoyin Girman Sinadarin Silicon Mai Kama da Kauri

Cikakken Bayani Kan Hanyoyin Girman Sinadarin Silicon Mai Kama da Kauri

1. Bayanin Ci gaban Sinadarin Silicon Mai Kama da Kauri

Ci gaban fasaha da kuma karuwar bukatar kayayyakin zamani masu inganci sun kara karfafa matsayin masana'antar hadakar da'ira (IC) a ci gaban kasa. A matsayin ginshikin masana'antar IC, semiconductor monocrystalline silicon yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki.

A cewar bayanai daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Duniya ta Semiconductor, kasuwar wafer ta semiconductor ta duniya ta kai adadin tallace-tallace na dala biliyan 12.6, inda jigilar kayayyaki ta karu zuwa inci biliyan 14.2. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatar wafer ɗin silicon yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa akai-akai.

Duk da haka, masana'antar silicon wafer ta duniya ta fi mayar da hankali sosai, inda manyan masu samar da kayayyaki guda biyar suka mamaye sama da kashi 85% na kasuwar, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:

• Sinadarin Shin-Etsu (Japan)

• SUMCO (Japan)

• Wafers na Duniya

• Siltronic (Jamus)

• SK Siltron (Koriya ta Kudu)

Wannan koma-baya ya haifar da dogaro sosai ga China kan wafers ɗin silicon monocrystalline da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke takaita ci gaban masana'antar da'irar da aka haɗa a ƙasar.

Domin shawo kan ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a fannin masana'antar silicon monocrystal na semiconductor, saka hannun jari a bincike da ci gaba da ƙarfafa ƙarfin samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida zaɓi ne da ba makawa.

2. Bayani game da Kayan Sinadarin Silicon Mai Kama da Kauri

Sinadarin silicon mai siffar monocrystalline shine ginshiƙin masana'antar da'ira mai haɗaka. Zuwa yanzu, sama da kashi 90% na guntun IC da na'urorin lantarki ana yin su ne ta amfani da silikon monocrystalline a matsayin babban kayan aiki. Bukatar silikon monocrystalline da aikace-aikacensa daban-daban na masana'antu na iya kasancewa saboda dalilai da yawa:

1. Tsaro da kuma Muhalli Mai Kyau: Sinadarin silicon yana da yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, ba shi da guba, kuma yana da illa ga muhalli.

2. Rufe Wutar Lantarki: Silicon yana da kaddarorin kariya daga wutar lantarki, kuma idan aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance zafi, yana samar da wani tsari mai kariya na silicon dioxide, wanda ke hana asarar wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata.

3. Fasahar Ci Gaban Manya: Dogon tarihin ci gaban fasaha a cikin hanyoyin haɓaka silicon ya sa ya fi sauran kayan semiconductor kyau.

Waɗannan abubuwan tare suna sanya silicon monocrystalline a sahun gaba a masana'antar, wanda hakan ya sa ba za a iya maye gurbinsa da wasu kayayyaki ba.

Dangane da tsarin lu'ulu'u, silikon monocrystalline abu ne da aka yi da ƙwayoyin silicon da aka shirya a cikin raga mai lokaci-lokaci, wanda ke samar da tsari mai ci gaba. Shi ne tushen masana'antar kera guntu.

Zane mai zuwa yana nuna cikakken tsarin shirya silicon monocrystalline:

Bayanin Tsarin Aiki:
Ana samun silicon mai siffar monocrystalline daga ma'adinin silicon ta hanyar jerin matakan tsaftacewa. Da farko, ana samun silicon mai siffar polycrystalline, wanda daga nan ake girma shi zuwa wani abu mai siffar monocrystalline a cikin tanderun girma na kristal. Bayan haka, ana yanke shi, ana goge shi, sannan a sarrafa shi zuwa wafers na silicon da suka dace da ƙera guntu.

Ana raba wafers na silicon zuwa rukuni biyu:matakin photovoltaickumamatakin semiconductorWaɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu sun bambanta musamman a tsarinsu, tsarkinsu, da kuma ingancin saman su.

• Wafers masu matakin Semiconductorsuna da tsarki mai yawa har zuwa 99.999999999%, kuma ana buƙatar su zama monocrystalline.

• Wafers masu darajar photovoltaicba su da tsarki sosai, tare da matakan tsarki daga 99.99% zuwa 99.9999%, kuma ba su da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu tsauri don ingancin lu'ulu'u.

Bugu da ƙari, wafers masu matakin semiconductor suna buƙatar santsi da tsafta mafi girma fiye da wafers masu matakin photovoltaic. Mafi girman ƙa'idodi don wafers masu matakin semiconductor suna ƙara sarkakiyar shirye-shiryensu da ƙimar su ta gaba a aikace.

Jadawalin da ke ƙasa yana bayyana juyin halittar ƙayyadaddun wafer na semiconductor, waɗanda suka ƙaru daga farkon wafers na inci 4 (100mm) da inci 6 (150mm) zuwa wafers na inci 8 (200mm) da inci 12 (300mm) na yanzu.

A cikin ainihin shirye-shiryen silicon monocrystal, girman wafer ya bambanta dangane da nau'in aikace-aikacen da abubuwan da ke cikin farashi. Misali, kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwa galibi suna amfani da wafers mai inci 12, yayin da na'urorin wutar lantarki galibi suna amfani da wafers mai inci 8.

A taƙaice, juyin halittar girman wafer ya samo asali ne daga Dokar Moore da kuma abubuwan tattalin arziki. Girman wafer mai girma yana ba da damar haɓaka yankin silicon mai amfani a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya na sarrafawa, yana rage farashin samarwa yayin da yake rage ɓarna daga gefun wafer.

A matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin ci gaban fasaha ta zamani, wafers na silicon na semiconductor, ta hanyar ingantattun hanyoyin kamar photolithography da dasa ion, suna ba da damar samar da na'urori daban-daban na lantarki, gami da rectifiers masu ƙarfi, transistors, bipolar junction transistors, da na'urorin sauyawa. Waɗannan na'urori suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni kamar fasahar wucin gadi, sadarwa ta 5G, na'urorin lantarki na mota, Intanet na Abubuwa, da kuma sararin samaniya, wanda hakan ke zama ginshiƙin ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa da sabbin fasahohi.

3. Fasahar Ci Gaban Sinadarin Silicon Mai Kama da Kauri

TheHanyar Czochralski (CZ)tsari ne mai inganci don cire kayan monocrystalline masu inganci daga narkewar. Jan Czochralski ya gabatar da wannan hanyar a shekarar 1917, kuma an san ta da sunaJawowar Crystalhanyar.

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da hanyar CZ sosai wajen shirya kayan semiconductor daban-daban. A cewar kididdigar da ba ta cika ba, kusan kashi 98% na kayan lantarki an yi su ne da silicon monocrystalline, inda kashi 85% na waɗannan kayan aka samar ta amfani da hanyar CZ.

An fi son hanyar CZ saboda kyawun ingancin lu'ulu'u, girman da za a iya sarrafawa, saurin girma, da kuma ingantaccen samarwa. Waɗannan halaye sun sa CZ monocrystalline silicon ya zama abin da aka fi so don biyan buƙatun mai inganci da girma a masana'antar lantarki.

Ka'idar ci gaban silicon monocrystalline na CZ kamar haka:

Tsarin CZ yana buƙatar yanayin zafi mai yawa, injin tsabtace iska, da kuma yanayin rufewa. Babban kayan aikin wannan tsari shinemurhun girma na lu'ulu'u, wanda ke sauƙaƙa waɗannan yanayi.

Zane mai zuwa yana nuna tsarin tanderun girma na lu'ulu'u.

A cikin tsarin CZ, ana sanya silicon mai tsarki a cikin wani bututun ƙarfe, a narke, sannan a shigar da kristal iri a cikin silicon mai narkewa. Ta hanyar sarrafa sigogi kamar zafin jiki, saurin jan abu, da saurin juyawar bututun ƙarfe, ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta a mahaɗin kristal iri da silicon mai narkewa suna ci gaba da sake tsara su, suna ƙarfafawa yayin da tsarin ke sanyaya kuma a ƙarshe suna samar da kristal guda ɗaya.

Wannan dabarar girma ta lu'ulu'u tana samar da silicon monocrystalline mai inganci, mai girman diamita mai girma tare da takamaiman yanayin lu'ulu'u.

Tsarin girma ya ƙunshi matakai da dama masu mahimmanci, waɗanda suka haɗa da:

1. Ragewa da Lodawa: Cire lu'ulu'u da kuma tsaftace tanderu da abubuwan da ke cikinta sosai daga gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar quartz, graphite, ko wasu ƙazanta.

2. Injin tsaftacewa da narkewa: Ana kwashe tsarin zuwa wani wuri mai tsabta, sannan a shigar da iskar argon da kuma dumama cajin silicon.

3. Jawowar Crystal: Ana saukar da lu'ulu'u na iri zuwa cikin silikon da aka narke, kuma ana sarrafa zafin haɗin gwiwa a hankali don tabbatar da ingantaccen lu'ulu'u.

4. Kula da Kafadu da Diamita: Yayin da lu'ulu'u ke girma, ana sa ido sosai a kan diamitarsa ​​kuma a daidaita shi don tabbatar da ci gaba iri ɗaya.

5. Ƙarshen Girma da Rufe Tanderu: Da zarar an cimma girman lu'ulu'u da ake so, ana kashe wutar tanderun, sannan a cire lu'ulu'un.

Matakan da aka ɗauka dalla-dalla a cikin wannan tsari suna tabbatar da ƙirƙirar monocrystals masu inganci, marasa lahani waɗanda suka dace da kera semiconductor.

4. Kalubale a Samar da Sinadarin Silicon Mai Kama da Monocrystalline

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen samar da monocrystals na semiconductor mai girman diamita shine shawo kan matsalolin fasaha yayin tsarin girma, musamman wajen hasashen da kuma sarrafa lahani na lu'ulu'u:

1. Ingancin Monocrystal mara daidaituwa da ƙarancin yawan amfanin ƙasa: Yayin da girman silicon monocrystals ke ƙaruwa, sarkakiyar yanayin girma yana ƙaruwa, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama da wahala a sarrafa abubuwa kamar thermal, flow, da magnetic fields. Wannan yana rikitar da aikin cimma daidaiton inganci da yawan amfanin ƙasa.

2. Tsarin Kulawa mara TsayiTsarin girma na semiconductor silicon monocrystals yana da matuƙar rikitarwa, tare da fannoni da yawa na zahiri suna hulɗa, wanda hakan ke sa daidaiton sarrafawa ba shi da tabbas kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin yawan samfura. Dabaru na sarrafawa na yanzu galibi suna mai da hankali kan girman macroscopic na lu'ulu'u, yayin da har yanzu ana daidaita inganci bisa ga ƙwarewar hannu, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama da wahala a cika buƙatun ƙera ƙananan da nano a cikin kwakwalwan IC.

Domin magance waɗannan ƙalubalen, ana buƙatar gaggawa wajen haɓaka hanyoyin sa ido da hasashen ingancin lu'ulu'u na ainihin lokaci, tare da inganta tsarin sarrafawa don tabbatar da samar da manyan monocrystals masu inganci da kwanciyar hankali don amfani a cikin da'irori masu haɗawa.